Prenatal screening technologies have undergone remarkable advancements over the past three decades, significantly improving the detection of chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, and structural fetal anomalies. Traditional screening methods such as maternal serum screening and ultrasonography have evolved into sophisticated molecular and genomic approaches including non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), cell-free fetal DNA analysis, chromosomal microarray analysis, and emerging artificial intelligence-assisted imaging systems. These technologies offer enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and earlier detection capabilities while minimizing risks associated with invasive procedures. This review explores the historical evolution, current methodologies, clinical applications, diagnostic performance, ethical considerations, and future directions of prenatal screening technologies. The study highlights how integration of genomics, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence is transforming prenatal care and improving maternal-fetal outcomes worldwide.