Childhood obesity has emerged as one of the most significant public health challenges of the twenty-first century. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased dramatically across developed and developing countries, contributing to substantial health, social, and economic burdens. Childhood obesity is associated with a wide range of adverse health consequences, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, orthopedic complications, respiratory disorders, psychological distress, and increased mortality in adulthood. Importantly, obesity during childhood often persists into adulthood, amplifying long-term health risks and healthcare expenditures. This review examines the epidemiology, determinants, pathophysiological mechanisms, and long-term health outcomes associated with childhood obesity. The study also evaluates preventive and therapeutic interventions, including lifestyle modification, school-based programs, family-centered approaches, digital health technologies, and public health policies. Findings suggest that early intervention, multidisciplinary management, and population-level prevention strategies are critical for reducing the burden of childhood obesity and improving lifelong health outcomes