Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice and represents a major public health concern worldwide. AF is associated with increased risks of stroke, heart failure, cognitive decline, hospitalization, and mortality. The global prevalence of AF continues to rise due to aging populations and the increasing burden of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach encompassing early diagnosis, stroke prevention, symptom control, management of underlying comorbidities, and long-term follow-up. Recent advances in anticoagulation therapy, catheter ablation, cardiac imaging, digital health technologies, and personalized medicine have significantly improved patient outcomes. This review examines contemporary clinical management strategies for atrial fibrillation, including risk assessment, pharmacological treatment, rhythm and rate control approaches, interventional procedures, and emerging technologies. The study highlights evidence-based practices and future directions for optimizing AF management in diverse patient populations.