Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, accounting for millions of deaths annually despite significant advances in critical care medicine. Early diagnosis is crucial because delayed recognition and treatment substantially increase morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Traditional diagnostic approaches often rely on clinical symptoms and microbiological cultures, which may be delayed or nonspecific. Biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools for the early detection, risk stratification, and monitoring of sepsis. This review examines established and emerging biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), lactate, presepsin, interleukins, and novel genomic and proteomic markers. The article discusses diagnostic accuracy, clinical applications, limitations, and future directions in biomarker-based sepsis management. Integration of biomarker panels with artificial intelligence and precision medicine approaches may revolutionize sepsis diagnosis and improve patient outcomes.