Background: Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen-dependent inflammatory disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. Affecting approximately 10% of reproductive-aged women worldwide, it is a leading cause of chronic pelvic pain and infertility.

Objective: To review current evidence regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management approaches for endometriosis and their impact on patient outcomes.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, clinical guidelines, and systematic reviews published over the past two decades. Diagnostic approaches, medical treatments, surgical interventions, and emerging therapies were analyzed.

Results: Delayed diagnosis remains a major challenge, with an average diagnostic delay of 6–10 years. Advances in imaging, biomarkers, and minimally invasive surgery have improved detection and management. Hormonal therapies remain first-line treatment for symptom control, while surgical intervention is reserved for severe symptoms, infertility, or treatment-resistant disease.

Conclusion: Endometriosis significantly impacts quality of life, reproductive health, and healthcare systems. Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and individualized treatment plans are essential to improve outcomes and reduce disease burden.