Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy and is associated with significant maternal and neonatal complications. The increasing prevalence of obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and advanced maternal age has contributed to a rise in GDM worldwide.

Objective: This review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management strategies, and pregnancy outcomes associated with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature, clinical guidelines, and epidemiological studies was conducted to evaluate maternal and fetal outcomes associated with GDM and identify effective management approaches.

Results: Women with GDM experience increased risks of preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and future type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neonates born to mothers with GDM face higher risks of macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, and long-term metabolic disorders. Early diagnosis and appropriate glycemic management significantly reduce adverse outcomes.

Conclusion: Gestational diabetes remains a major public health challenge. Comprehensive prenatal screening, lifestyle interventions, and individualized treatment plans are essential for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes.