Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as healthcare-associated infections, represent a major challenge to patient safety and healthcare quality worldwide. These infections occur during the course of healthcare delivery and are not present or incubating at the time of admission. HAIs contribute significantly to morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospitalization, increased antimicrobial resistance, and escalating healthcare costs. Common HAIs include catheter-associated urinary tract infections, central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Despite advances in infection prevention and control, HAIs remain a persistent public health concern, particularly in resource-limited settings. This review examines the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical impact, and prevention strategies associated with hospital-acquired infections. The study highlights evidence-based interventions such as hand hygiene, antimicrobial stewardship, environmental cleaning, surveillance systems, healthcare worker education, and technological innovations. Findings suggest that multidisciplinary infection prevention programs and organizational commitment are essential for reducing HAI incidence and improving patient outcomes. The paper concludes that comprehensive prevention strategies, supported by policy implementation and continuous quality improvement initiatives, are critical for enhancing healthcare safety globally.