Patient safety is a fundamental component of quality healthcare and is particularly critical in surgical care, where complex procedures, multidisciplinary teams, and high-risk interventions increase the potential for adverse events. Surgical complications contribute significantly to morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospitalization, healthcare costs, and reduced patient satisfaction worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that millions of surgical patients experience preventable complications annually, emphasizing the need for robust patient safety initiatives. Advances in surgical safety protocols, infection prevention measures, perioperative care pathways, simulation-based training, technological innovations, and safety culture programs have significantly improved surgical outcomes. This review examines the principles of patient safety in surgical care, common surgical risks, evidence-based safety interventions, implementation challenges, and emerging technologies. The findings suggest that comprehensive safety programs, multidisciplinary collaboration, standardized protocols, and continuous quality improvement are essential for minimizing surgical harm and optimizing patient outcomes.