Robotic surgery has emerged as one of the most significant technological innovations in modern surgical practice. By integrating advanced robotics, three-dimensional visualization, enhanced dexterity, motion scaling, and precision control, robotic-assisted surgery has transformed the management of various surgical conditions. Since its introduction, robotic surgery has expanded across multiple specialties, including urology, gynecology, general surgery, colorectal surgery, thoracic surgery, cardiac surgery, and oncology. Clinical evidence suggests that robotic surgery may offer advantages such as reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, lower postoperative pain, improved precision, and faster recovery compared with conventional open surgery. However, concerns remain regarding cost, accessibility, learning curves, and long-term outcomes. This review examines the evolution of robotic surgery, its clinical applications, impact on patient outcomes, benefits, limitations, economic implications, and future developments. The findings indicate that robotic-assisted surgery is an increasingly valuable component of modern surgical care and may contribute to improved patient outcomes when appropriately implemented.