Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for cognitive function, neurological integrity, emotional regulation, and overall health. Sleep disorders affect hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide and are increasingly recognized as major contributors to neurological dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Conditions such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy, circadian rhythm disorders, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder have significant implications for brain health. Emerging evidence suggests that chronic sleep disturbances are associated with cognitive impairment, stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, mood disorders, and reduced quality of life. This study reviews the relationship between sleep disorders and neurological health, examining underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical consequences, diagnostic approaches, and emerging therapeutic interventions. Through a comprehensive review of contemporary literature, clinical guidelines, and translational neuroscience research, the study highlights the importance of early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management. Findings indicate that optimizing sleep health may play a crucial role in preventing neurological deterioration and improving long-term clinical outcomes.