Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's most significant infectious diseases and continues to disproportionately affect populations in low- and middle-income countries. Resource-limited settings face substantial challenges in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term disease control due to inadequate healthcare infrastructure, limited laboratory capacity, poverty, malnutrition, workforce shortages, and the growing burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Despite global efforts, TB remains a leading cause of infectious disease-related mortality.

Objective: This review examines current approaches to tuberculosis management in resource-limited settings, focusing on diagnostic strategies, treatment protocols, public health interventions, barriers to effective care, and emerging innovations aimed at improving outcomes.

Methods: A comprehensive review of international guidelines, public health reports, clinical studies, and implementation research was conducted to assess challenges and best practices in TB management within resource-constrained environments.

Results: Effective TB management requires integrated strategies including early diagnosis, directly observed treatment, community-based interventions, infection control measures, nutritional support, and strengthened healthcare systems. Molecular diagnostics, digital adherence technologies, decentralized care models, and shorter treatment regimens have demonstrated promising outcomes in improving treatment success. However, challenges such as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), treatment non-adherence, healthcare inequities, and financial barriers continue to hinder disease control.

Conclusion: Tuberculosis management in resource-limited settings demands a comprehensive, patient-centered, and community-based approach. Strengthening health systems, expanding access to diagnostics and medications, and leveraging innovative technologies are critical to achieving global TB elimination goals.