Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, minimally invasive surgery, and precision medicine have transformed lung cancer treatment. Non-small cell lung cancer treatment has particularly shifted from conventional chemotherapy toward biomarker-guided therapy, while small cell lung cancer management is increasingly incorporating immunotherapy and maintenance strategies. This article reviews current and emerging advances in lung cancer treatment approaches, with emphasis on personalized therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted agents, combination regimens, liquid biopsy, and digital oncology.