Background: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has transformed modern surgical practice by reducing operative trauma, minimizing postoperative pain, shortening hospital stays, and improving patient outcomes. Since the introduction of laparoscopic surgery in the late twentieth century, technological innovations including robotic-assisted surgery, endoscopic procedures, image-guided interventions, and advanced energy devices have expanded the scope and effectiveness of minimally invasive techniques across multiple surgical specialties.

Objective: This review evaluates contemporary minimally invasive surgical techniques, their clinical applications, advantages, limitations, outcomes, and future directions in modern healthcare.

Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature, clinical guidelines, randomized controlled trials, and technological developments was conducted to assess the effectiveness, safety, and outcomes of minimally invasive surgical approaches.

Results: Minimally invasive techniques demonstrate significant benefits compared with conventional open surgery, including reduced blood loss, fewer complications, faster recovery, improved cosmetic outcomes, and enhanced patient satisfaction. Robotic surgery, image-guided procedures, and artificial intelligence-assisted surgical systems have further improved precision and operative performance. However, challenges such as high equipment costs, technical complexity, and training requirements remain important considerations.

Conclusion: Minimally invasive surgery has become a cornerstone of modern surgical care. Ongoing technological advancements and increasing surgical expertise are expected to further expand its applications and improve patient outcomes worldwide.