Neuroimaging has transformed the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of brain disorders. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, diffusion imaging, functional MRI, perfusion imaging, molecular imaging, and artificial intelligence have improved understanding of structural, functional, vascular, and metabolic brain changes. These technologies support early diagnosis of stroke, tumors, dementia, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses major advances in neuroimaging, their clinical applications, limitations, and future directions in precision brain medicine.