Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional treatment approaches based primarily on tumor stage and histopathological characteristics have achieved significant improvements in survival; however, substantial variability exists in treatment response among patients. Advances in molecular biology, genomic sequencing, biomarker discovery, and targeted therapeutics have transformed colorectal cancer management by enabling personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual tumor characteristics. This study reviews current personalized treatment approaches in colorectal cancer, focusing on molecular profiling, predictive biomarkers, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, pharmacogenomics, and emerging precision oncology technologies. Through a comprehensive review of clinical trials, treatment guidelines, and translational research, the study highlights how precision medicine improves treatment efficacy, reduces toxicity, and enhances patient outcomes. Challenges related to accessibility, molecular testing infrastructure, treatment resistance, and healthcare disparities are also discussed. The study concludes that personalized treatment strategies are reshaping colorectal cancer care and represent a cornerstone of future oncology practice.